The Wild History of Casinos - From Ancient Taverns to Luxury Resorts

Author: Matthew Haynes

The concept of gambling has roots that stretch back to some of the earliest recorded civilisations. However, much of the evidence suggests that the Ancient Greeks and Romans were among the first to embrace games of chance, often playing dice or primitive forms of card games for leisure.

In Ancient Greece, for example, games such as knucklebones - using animal bones as dice - were immensely popular, especially during festivals or social gatherings. The Romans, on the other hand, introduced a more organised approach, often gambling during public events or gladiatorial games.

These early forms of gambling were not confined to the elite. Citizens across social classes participated, although high-stakes wagers were typically the domain of the wealthy. Roman senators and aristocrats frequently gambled on chariot races or gladiatorial combat, a significant reflection of the social divide that gaming would continue to exhibit throughout history.

As a result, gambling evolved from casual activities into more structured events, laying the groundwork for establishments dedicated to games of chance. Although not exactly land based casinos in the modern sense, these gatherings introduced key elements such as designated spaces for gambling and the need for oversight - concepts that would significantly shape future developments.

France and the Birth of the Modern Casino

The first modern casinos can trace their origins to 17th century France. The term "casino" itself comes from the Italian/Latin word for a small house “casa”, originally referring to private spaces for entertainment. French aristocracy embraced the idea of card rooms and gambling salons, using them as venues for socialising and networking.

By the 18th century, these salons evolved into more formalised gambling houses. In 1638, the first public gaming house was established in Venice, but France soon adopted the idea and refined it. French casinos introduced iconic games such as roulette and baccarat, which remain staples in gambling culture today. The layout of these early establishments prioritised elegance and exclusivity, catering to the upper echelons of society.

The clientele during this period were predominantly wealthy nobles and members of the court. Casino staff, although far less specialised than today, were required to maintain decorum and enforce rules to ensure fair play. Substantial resources were invested in the décor of these old European casinos, featuring chandeliers, gilded furniture, and grand ballrooms, reflecting the opulence of the time.

The 19th Century Casino Boom and Expansion

The 19th century marked a significant turning point in the history of casinos, particularly with the emergence of Monte Carlo as a gambling hub. The opening of the Monte Carlo Casino in 1863 by Charles III of Monaco and François Blanc symbolised the peak in luxury gambling. This establishment significantly influenced the global perception of casinos, showcasing grandeur that included lavish decor, expansive gaming floors, and cutting-edge technology for the era.

During this time, games like blackjack, poker, and roulette gained popularity. These games attracted a more diverse clientele, including middle-class individuals who could afford modest wagers. This shift marked the beginning of a trend towards inclusivity, albeit still catering to a predominantly wealthy audience.

In the United States, gambling halls began to appear during the Gold Rush, primarily in frontier ‘towns’ like San Francisco. These establishments were often rougher in nature, frequented by miners, cowboys, and adventurers seeking fortune. By the early 20th century, Las Vegas emerged as a global gambling capital, solidifying its status with the legalisation of gambling in Nevada in 1931.

Innovation, Architecture and High-Tech Gaming

Today, land-based casinos have transformed into entertainment hubs that extend far beyond gambling. Modern casinos, such as those in Las Vegas, Macau, and Singapore, are substantial architectural marvels that include luxury hotels, fine dining, shopping centres, and live entertainment. The integration of new technology and online casino games, such as digital roulette and slots, has significantly changed the gaming experience.

Clientele in the modern era span all socio-economic backgrounds. High rollers, often referred to as VIPs, receive exclusive treatment with private gaming rooms, personalised concierge services, and substantial bonuses. Meanwhile, casinos have also adapted to cater to casual players through lower stakes and diverse entertainment options.

Decor and layout have embraced open spaces, natural light, and cutting-edge design elements, aiming to create welcoming environments. Staff expertise has also evolved substantially, with dealers, hosts, and security personnel undergoing rigorous training in customer service and technology.

Famous Casino Architects Throughout History

Over the centuries, many architects and designers have left an indelible mark on the world of casinos, shaping the spaces that have become iconic in both design and functionality. These professionals not only created spaces of luxury and elegance but also ensured that their designs enhanced the overall gaming experience, blending opulence with practical elements.

Giacomo Leoni and the Ridotto, Venice (1638)

One of the earliest examples of a renowned casino architect is Giacomo Leoni, who designed the Ridotto in Venice, Italy, in 1638. As such, the Ridotto is often regarded as the world's first official gambling house, authorised by the Venetian government to control the gambling activities that had previously been chaotic and unregulated.

Leoni's design focused on creating a sophisticated yet accessible venue that would appeal to both the nobility and the public. The Ridotto featured grand, ornate rooms, designed to encourage social interaction, while providing spaces for different gambling games to be played. This design set the stage for later casinos and established the importance of creating spaces that fostered socialising and exclusivity.

Charles Garnier and the Casino de Monte-Carlo (1863)

Perhaps one of the most famous architects in casino history, Charles Garnier, is known for his design of the Casino de Monte-Carlo in Monaco, which opened in 1863. Garnier, also renowned for designing the Paris Opera House, applied his expertise in creating a grand, luxurious space that would embody wealth and opulence.

The Monte-Carlo Casino became synonymous with high society and luxury, attracting royalty, celebrities, and wealthy aristocrats. Garnier’s design incorporated stunning chandeliers, intricate marble staircases, and elaborate frescoes, establishing the casino as one of the most elegant venues in the world. His work had a profound influence on future casino architecture, creating a standard for glamour and elegance.

François-Joseph Deyrolle and the Casino de Paris (1904)

François-Joseph Deyrolle’s design of the Casino de Paris was another example of luxury casino design in the early 20th century. Located in the heart of Paris, the Casino de Paris opened in 1904 and was built to host a variety of entertainment acts, including operas, performances, and high-stakes gambling.

Deyrolle’s design emphasised artistic grandeur, with detailed interiors, intricate ceilings, and sophisticated lighting. His vision was to create an environment that was as much about high society entertainment as it was about the gambling experience. Deyrolle’s work contributed to the French tradition of combining gaming with culture and spectacle, further elevating the status of casinos as cultural hubs.

Steve Wynn and the Mirage, Las Vegas (1989)

In the modern era, Steve Wynn is perhaps one of the most famous casino developers and designers, responsible for reshaping the landscape of Las Vegas in the 1980s and 1990s. Wynn’s Mirage, which opened in 1989, was a revolutionary project that changed the perception of casinos in Las Vegas. With a focus on creating a “destination” experience, Wynn designed a sprawling resort that integrated the casino with luxury accommodations, fine dining, and entertainment options.

The Mirage featured a massive, tropical-themed atrium with a volcano at its centre, offering a complete immersive experience. Wynn’s vision for the Mirage set the stage for the development of mega-resorts on the Strip, including the Bellagio and the Venetian, and it helped establish a new standard for integrated resort design.

Kohn Pedersen Fox and Resorts World Las Vegas (2021)

In recent years, the trend towards mega-resorts and luxury casinos has continued with the design of Resorts World Las Vegas, which opened in 2021. Designed by the renowned architecture firm Kohn Pedersen Fox, this casino complex represents a modern, innovative approach to casino architecture.

The design integrates state-of-the-art technology and sustainability with luxurious accommodations, entertainment venues, and a sprawling casino floor. The design also incorporates aspects of Asian culture, with elements inspired by Chinese and Japanese architecture, creating a visually striking and culturally rich experience. Resorts World Las Vegas is a significant departure from traditional casino design, blending futuristic elements with luxury and functionality.

Digital Integration and the Next Generation of Casinos

As a result of technological advancements and changing consumer behaviour, the future of land based casinos is set to undergo further transformation. One of the most significant developments is the integration of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) into gaming. These technologies could significantly enhance the user experience, allowing players to immerse themselves in virtual casino environments or interact with digital versions of popular games.

Casinos are also expected to adopt more sustainable practices, reflecting growing environmental concerns. From energy-efficient lighting to eco-friendly building materials, the focus on sustainability is likely to become a significant factor in casino development.

The clientele of the future will likely include a substantial proportion of tech-savvy millennials and Gen Z players. These generations value convenience and innovation, driving gambling sites to offer seamless digital integration and personalised casino bonuses.

Markets in Asia, particularly Japan and South Korea, are poised to become major players in the land-based casino industry. These regions have already demonstrated substantial interest in gambling, and new developments could significantly boost their economies.

The decor and size of future casinos are expected to continue to emphasise minimalism and functionality, catering to evolving tastes while maintaining a sense of luxury. Meanwhile, the expertise of staff will need to adapt to new technologies, ensuring they remain equipped to offer high-quality service in an increasingly digital world.

Land based casinos have come a long way from their origins in Ancient Greece and Rome. Their ability to adapt to changing societal trends, technological advancements, and consumer preferences ensures their continued relevance. As a result, these institutions remain a significant part of global culture and entertainment.